Rubbing, touching, and charged plates move electrons around, but never make or destroy charge. Charge always comes in whole electrons: Q = n·e, with e = 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.
Rubbing doesn't make charge; it moves electrons: Q = −n·e on one side, +n·e on the other. Charge a balloon, see what the wool keeps, count electrons, and make an ion.
A charged drop hovers when the electric force balances its weight: q·V ÷ d = m·g. Measure charges, count electrons, set the voltage, and find e from three drops.
Charge flows through metal until both spheres are at the same potential, and not at all through plastic. Share charge between equal spheres, pass it along a row, test a plastic ball, and join a big and a small sphere.
A material's resistivity decides whether it conducts: R = ρ·L ÷ A, I = V ÷ R. Copper and glass are twenty powers of ten apart. Test five samples on a 12 V bench.
Like charges push apart with F = k·q₁·q₂ ÷ r², harder the closer they are. A bead floats where that push equals its weight. Find the gap, the charge, the mass, and the floor's push.
Charges push or pull with F = k·q₁·q₂ ÷ r², equal and opposite, and forces from several charges add. Measure a pull, find a balance point, add two forces, find a charge, and double everything.
The electric field is the force on a test charge divided by its charge, E = F ÷ q, and a point charge makes E = k·Q ÷ r². Find a field from a force, size a probe's force, add two fields, and find a distance.
Between two charged plates the field is uniform, E = V ÷ d, and a charge feels a steady push across the beam, so its path bends into a parabola. Find the field, the acceleration, the bend, the voltage for a target, and a proton's bend.
Electric potential is energy per charge: a point charge makes V = k·Q ÷ r, potentials add as plain numbers, and carrying a charge q takes work W = q·ΔV. Read a potential, climb, walk a contour, add two charges, and find a ring.
A charge that falls through a potential difference ΔV gains kinetic energy q·ΔV = ½·m·v². Find an electron's energy and speed, a proton's speed, an alpha particle's energy in eV, and the voltage that stops an electron.